Lihat sumber Koefisien partisi

{{distinguish|tetapan distribusi}}

Dalam [[kimia fisik]], suatu '''koefisien partisi''' ('''''P''''') atau '''koefisien distribusi''' ('''''D''''') adalah perbandingan [[konsentrasi]] [[senyawa kimia|senyawa]] dalam campuran dua [[Fase benda|fase]] yang tak [[larut]] pada [[kesetimbangan partisi|kesetimbangan]]. Perbandingan ini merupakan ukuran perbedaan [[kelarutan]] senyawa dalam dua fase tersebut. Koefisien partisi umumnya mengacu pada perbandingan konsentrasi spesi senyawa [[ionisasi|tidak terionisasi]] sedangkan koefisien distribusi mengacu pada perbandingan konsentrasi semua spesi senyawa (terionisasi dan yang tidak terionisasi).<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Kwon | first1 = Younggil | name-list-format = vanc | title = Handbook of Essential Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism for Industrial Scientists | date = 2001 | publisher = Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers | isbn = 978-1-4757-8693-4 | page = 44 | chapter = 4.2.4: Partition and Distribution Coefficients | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yt7pBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=partition-coefficient+(P)+or+distribution-coefficient+(D)+ionized&source=bl&ots=MbLxVRK5QZ&sig=ObTLeQwJtpgEvLvsfGH17ylZnr4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzkcKUyIvOAhWnIpoKHarkBw0Q6AEILjAD#v=onepage&q=partition-coefficient%20(P)%20or%20distribution-coefficient%20(D)%20ionized&f=false | department = (secondary) | location = New York }}</ref>

Dalam ilmu [[kimia]] dan [[farmasi]], kedua fase tersebut biasanya merupakan [[pelarut]].<ref name="Leo">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leo A, Hansch C, and Elkins D | author-link2 = Corwin Hansch | title = Partition coefficients and their uses | journal = Chem Rev | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 525–616 | year = 1971 | doi = 10.1021/cr60274a001 | department = (secondary) }}</ref> Umumnya, salah satu pelarutnya adalah air sedangkan yang kedua adalah pelarut [[hidrofobik]] seperti [[1-oktanol]].<ref name="Sangster">{{cite book | last = Sangster | first = James | title = Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients: Fundamentals and Physical Chemistry | volume = 2 | series = Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry |publisher=John Wiley & Sons Ltd. | year = 1997 | location = Chichester | pages = 178 |isbn=978-0-471-97397-3 | name-list-format = vanc | department = (secondary) }}</ref> Oleh karena itu, koefisien partisi mengukur seberapa [[hidrofilik]] ("cinta air") atau [[hidrofobik]] ("takut air") zat kimia tersebut. Koefisien partisi berguna untuk mengestimasi distribusi obat dalam tubuh. Obat hidrofobik dengan koefisien partisi oktanol/air tinggi terutama didistribusikan ke daerah hidrofobik seperti selubung [[lipid]] dwilapis. Sebaliknya obat hidrofilik (koefisien partisi oktanol/air rendah) ditemukan terutama di daerah berair seperti [[serum darah]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Shargel | first1 = Leon | last2 = Susanna | first2 = Wu-Pong | last3 = Yu | first3 = Andrew B.C. | name-list-format = vanc | title = Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics | date = 2012 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-07-160393-5 | page = 211 | chapter = Chapter 10: Physiological Drug Distribution and Protein Binding | edition = 6th | url = http://www.amazon.com/Applied-Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics-Edition-Biopharmaceuticals/dp/007160393X | department = (secondary) }}</ref>

Jika salah satu pelarutnya adalah gas dan lainnya adalah cairan, maka koefisien partisi gas/cair dapat ditentukan. Misalnya, koefisien partisi [[darah]]/gas dari [[anestesi]] umum digunakan untuk mengukur seberapa mudah anestesi mengalir dari gas ke darah.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Golan | first1 = David E. | last2 = Tashjian | first2 = Armen H. | last3 = Armstrong | first3 = Ehrin J. | last4 = Armstrong | first4 = April Wang | name-list-format = vanc | title = Principles of Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy | date = 2008 | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | location = Philadelphia, Pa. | isbn = 978-0-7817-8355-2 | page = 243 | edition = 2nd | chapter = Chapter 15: General Anesthetic Pharmacology | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=az8uSDkB0mgC&pg=PA243&dq=gas+blood+partition+coefficient&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=gas%20blood%20partition%20coefficient&f=false | department = (secondary) }}</ref> Koefisien partisi juga dapat didefinisikan bila salah satu fase adalah [[padatan]], misalnya, bila satu fase adalah [[logam]] dan yang kedua adalah logam padat,<ref name = StallmanSolidification>{{cite book | last2 = Ngan | first2 = A.H.W. | last1 = Stallman | first1 = R.E. | name-list-format = vanc | title = Modern Physical Metallurgy | date = 2014 | publisher = Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann | location = Amsterdam | isbn = 978-0-08-098204-5 | edition = 8th | chapter = Chapter 3: Solidification | url = http://www.amazon.com/Modern-Physical-Metallurgy-Eighth-Edition/dp/0080982042 | department = (secondary) | pages = 93–120, esp. 106ff}}</ref> atau ketika keduanya adalah padatan.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Machlin | first1 = Eugene S. | name-list-format = vanc | title = An Introduction to Aspects of Thermodynamics and Kinetics Relevant to Materials Science | date = 2007 | publisher = Elsevier | location = Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-08-054968-2 | page = 98 | edition = 3rd | chapter = Chapter 3: Free Energy and Phase Diagrams | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=a9qMi8IMYmQC&pg=PR6&dq=%22solid-solid%22+partition+coefficient+semiconductor&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22solid-solid%22%20partition%20coefficient%20semiconductor&f=false | quote = Solid–solid equilibria equivalent to the solid–liquid case | department = (secondary) }}</ref> Pemisahan suatu zat menjadi padatan menghasilkan [[larutan padat]].

Koefisien partisi dapat diukur secara eksperimental dengan berbagai cara (dengan ''shake-flask'', [[kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi|HPLC]], dan lain sebagainya) atau dapat diperkirakan melalui perhitungan berdasarkan berbagai metode (berbasis fragmen, berbasis atom, dan lainnya).

== Koefisien partisi dan log ''P'' ==
[[Berkas:Separatory funnel with oil and colored water.jpg|jmpl|Suatu kesetimbangan zat terlarut yang didistribusikan antara fase hidrofobik dan fase hidrofilik dibuat dalam alat khusus seperti [[corong pemisah]] yang memungkinkan pemisahan sampel dari mana log ''P'' ditentukan. Di sini, zat hijau memiliki kelarutan lebih besar pada lapisan bawah daripada di lapisan atas.]]

'''Koefisien partisi''', disingkat '''''P''''', didefinisikan sebagai perbandingan tertentu [[konsentrasi]] [[larutan|zat terlarut]] di antara kedua pelarut (dwifase cair), khususnya bagi zat terlarut yang tidak [[ionisasi|terionisasi]], dan [[logaritma]] dari perbandingan tersebut karenanya merupakan '''log ''P'''''.<ref name = "Comer_2001">{{cite book | editor-first1 = Bernard | editor-last1 = Testa | editor-first2 = Han | editor-last2 = van de Waterbed | editor-first3 = Gerd | editor-last3 = Folkers | editor-first4 = Richard | editor-last4 = Guy | first1 = John | last1 = Comer | first2 = Kin | last2 = Tam | name-list-format = vanc | title = Pharmacokinetic Optimization in Drug Research: Biological, Physicochemical, and Computational Strategies | url = https://archive.org/details/pharmokineticopt00test | chapter = Lipophilicity Profiles: Theory and Measurement | date = 2001 | publisher = Wiley-VCH | location = Weinheim | isbn = 978-3-906390-22-2 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/pharmokineticopt00test/page/n275 275]–304 | doi = 10.1002/9783906390437.ch17 | department = (secondary) }}</ref>{{rp|275ff}} Bila salah satu pelarutnya adalah air dan yang lainnya adalah [[pelarut]] non-polar, maka nilai log ''P'' tersebut adalah ukuran [[lipofilitas]] atau [[hidrofobisitas]]nya.<ref name = "Comer_2001"/>{{rp|275ff}} <ref name = Martin2ndCh4/>{{rp|6}} Preseden yang ditentukan adalah untuk tipe fase lipofilik dan [[hidrofilik]] untuk selalu berada di [[pembilang]] dan [[penyebut]]; misalnya, dalam sistem dwifase ''n''-[[oktanol]] (setelahnya disederhanakan sebagai "oktanol") dan air:

: <math>\log\ P_\text{okt/air} = \log\Bigg(\frac{\big[\text{zat terlarut}\big]_\text{oktanol}^\text{tak-terionisasi}}{\big[\text{zat terlarut}\big]_\text{air}^\text{tak-terionisasi}}\Bigg)</math>

Untuk perkiraan pertama, fase non-polar dalam eksperimen semacam itu biasanya didominasi oleh bentuk zat terlarut yang tidak terionisasi, yang netral secara elektrik, meskipun ini mungkin tidak benar untuk fase berair. Untuk mengukur ''koefisien partisi dari zat terlarut yang dapat diionisasi'', [[pH]] fase berair disesuaikan sedemikian rupa sehingga bentuk senyawa utama dalam larutan adalah tidak terionisasi, atau pengukurannya pada pH tersebut memerlukan pertimbangan semua spesi, tidak terionisasi dan terionisasi (lihat berikut).

'''Koefisien partisi''' untuk senyawa yang dapat diionisasi, disingkat '''log ''P'' <sup>I</sup>''', diturunkan untuk kasus-kasus dimana terdapat bentuk molekul yang dominan, sehingga seseorang harus mempertimbangkan partisi dari semua bentuk, terionisasi dan tidak terionisasi, antara dua fase (dan juga interaksi dari dua kesetimbangan, partisi dan ionisasi).<ref name = Martin2ndCh4/>{{rp|57ff,69f}}<ref name="logp_review">{{Cite journal | title = Lipophilicity Profiles of Ampholytes| author = Pagliara A, Carrupt PA, Caron G, Gaillard P, Testa, B.  | doi = 10.1021/cr9601019 | year = 1997 | journal = Chemical Reviews | pages = 3385–3400| volume = 97 | department = (secondary) }}</ref> ''M'' digunakan untuk menunjukkan jumlah bentuk terionisasi; untuk bentuk ke-{{math|I}} ({{math|1=I = 1, 2, ... , ''M''}}) logaritma untuk koefisien partisi tersebut, <math>\log\ P_\text{oct/wat}^\mathrm{I}</math>, didefinisikan dengan cara yang sama seperti bentuk yang tidak terionisasi. Misalnya, untuk partisi air oktanol, maka:

: <math>\log\ P_\text{okt/air}^\mathrm{I} = \log\Bigg(\frac{\big[\text{zat terlarut}\big]_\text{oktanol}^\mathrm{I}}{\big[\text{zat terlarut}\big]_\text{air}^\mathrm{I}}\Bigg)</math>

Untuk membedakan antara hal ini dan koefisien partisi standar, tidak terionisasi, untuk yang tidak terionisasi sering diberi simbol '''log ''P''<sup>0</sup>''', sehingga ekspresi <math>\log\ P_\text{oct/wat}^\mathrm{I}</math> untuk zat terlarut terionisasi menjadi perpanjangan persamaan ini, dalam kisaran nilai {{math|I > 0}}.

== Contoh data koefisien partisi ==

Data dari tabel berikut berasal dari [[Dortmund Data Bank]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ddbst.com/ddb-kow.html|title=Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients - DDBST GmbH|date=|work=ddbst.com|accessdate=19 March 2016}}</ref> Mereka diurutkan berdasarkan koefisien partisi, terkecil sampai terbesar (asetamida bersifat hidrofilik, dan 2,2',4,4',5-pentaklorobifenil bersifat lipofilik), dan ditampilkan dengan suhu di mana mereka diukur (yang mempengaruhi nilai tersebut).

{| cellpadding="4" rules="all" style="margin: 1em 0em; background: #ffffff; border: 2px solid #aaa;"
|- align="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
!Komponen
!log P<sub>OW</sub>
!T (°C)
|-
||[[Asetamida]]<ref name="Wolfenden">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wolfenden R | title = Interaction of the peptide bond with solvent water: a vapor phase analysis | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 201–4 | date = Jan 1978 | pmid = 618544 | doi = 10.1021/bi00594a030 | department = (primary) }}</ref>||-1.16||25
|-
||[[Metanol]]<ref name="Collander">{{cite journal | vauthors= Collander R, Lindholm M, Haug CM, Stene J, Sörensen NA | title=The partition of organic compounds. between higher alcohols and water|journal= Acta Chem Scand |volume=5 |issue= |pages=774–780 |year= 1951| doi=10.3891/acta.chem.scand.05-0774 | department = (primary) }}</ref>||-0.81||19
|-
||[[Asam format]]<ref name="Whitehead">{{cite journal | vauthors = Whitehead KE, Geankoplis CJ| title=Separation of Formic and Sulfuric Acids by Extraction|journal= Ind Eng Chem  |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=2114–2122 |year= 1955  |doi=10.1021/ie50550a029 | department = (primary) }}</ref>||-0.41||25
|-
||[[Dietil eter]]<ref name="Collander"/>||0.83||20
|-
||[[p-Diklorobenzena]]<ref name="Wasik">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wasik SP, Tewari YB, Miller MM, Martire DE | title= Octanol - Water Partition Coefficients and Aqueous Solubilities of Organic Compounds | journal = NBS Techn Rep | volume = 81 | issue = 2406 | pages = S1–56 | year = 1981 | url = http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/9101OLPC.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1981%20Thru%201985&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C81THRU85%5CTXT%5C00000025%5C9101OLPC.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=p%7Cf&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=2 | department = (primary) }}</ref>||3.37||25
|-
||[[Heksametilbenzena]]<ref name="Wasik"/>||4.61||25
|-
|| 2,2',4,4',5-Pentaklorobifenil<ref name="Brodsky">{{cite journal | vauthors = Brodsky J, Ballschmiter K | title=Reversed phase liquid chromatography of PCBs as a basis for calculation of water solubility and K<sub>ow</sub> for polychlorobiphenyls|journal= Fresenius Z Anal Chem |volume=331 |issue= 3–4|pages=295–301 |year= 1988 | doi=10.1007/BF00481899 | department = (primary) }}</ref>||6.41||Ambien
|}

Nilai untuk senyawa lain dapat ditemukan dalam berbagai ulasan dan monograf yang tersedia.<ref name="Leo"/>{{rp|551ff}} <ref name="Hansch">{{cite book | last1 = Hansch | first1 = Corwin | last2 = Leo | first2 = Albert | author-link1 = Corwin Hansch | title = Substituent Constants for Correlation Analysis in Chemistry and Biology | url = https://archive.org/details/substituentconst0000hans | chapter = Chapter 5: Calculation of Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients from Fragments, etc. | publisher = John Wiley & Sons Ltd. | year = 1979 | location = New York  | pages =  | isbn = 978-0-471-05062-9 | name-list-format = vanc | department = (secondary) }}</ref><ref name="Sangster_1989_PDF">{{cite journal | url = http://www.nist.gov/data/PDFfiles/jpcrd367.pdf | title = Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients of Simple Organic Compounds | vauthors = Sangster J | format = PDF | journal = Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | year = 1989 | pages = 1111– 1227 | doi = 10.1063/1.555833 | department = (secondary) | access-date = 2017-06-14 | archive-date = 2016-03-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061403/http://www.nist.gov/data/PDFfiles/jpcrd367.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref>{{rp|1121ff}} <ref name="Leo2">{{cite book | last1 = Leo | first1 = Albert | last2 = Hoekman | first2 = DH | last3 = Hansch | first3 = C | author-link3 = Corwin Hansch | title = Exploring QSAR, Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants | chapter = Octanol LogP | publisher = American Chemical Society |year = 1995 | location = Washington, DC |isbn = 978-0-8412-3060-6 | name-list-format = vanc | department = (secondary) }}</ref><ref name="Mannhold_2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mannhold R, Poda GI, Ostermann C, Tetko IV | title = Calculation of molecular lipophilicity: State-of-the-art and comparison of log P methods on more than 96,000 compounds | journal = Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | volume = 98 | issue = 3 | pages = 861–93 | date = Mar 2009 | pmid = 18683876 | doi = 10.1002/jps.21494 | department = (secondary) |subscription = yes}}</ref> Pembahasan kritis tentang tantangan pengukuran log P, dan penghitungan perkiraan nilai perkiraannya (lihat di bawah), muncul dalam beberapa ulasan.<ref name = Martin2ndCh4>{{cite book | last1 = Martin | first1 = Yvonne Connolly | name-list-format = vanc | author-link1 = Yvonne Connolly Martin | title = Quantitative Drug Design: A critical introduction | chapter = Chapter 4: The Hydrophobic Properties of Molecules | chapter-url = http://www.amazon.com/Quantitative-Drug-Design-Critical-Introduction/dp/1420070991/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1458375751&sr=1-1 | pages = 66–73 | date=2010 | publisher=CRC Press/Taylor & Francis | location=Boca Raton | isbn = 978-1-4200-7099-6 | edition=2nd | department = (secondary)}}</ref><ref name="Mannhold_2008"/>

== Lihat pula ==
{{colbegin|2}}
* [[Koefisien partisi darah–gas]]
* [[Informatika kimia]]
** [[ADME]]
** [[Lima aturan Lipinski]]
** [[Bioinformatika]]
** [[Efisiensi lipofilik]]
** [[QSAR]]
* [[Hukum distribusi]]
* [[Farmakokinetik]]
* [[Kimia kombinatorial]]
* [[ITIES]]
* [[Diagram partisi ionik]]
{{colend}}

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Berthod A, Carda-Broch S | title = Determination of liquid-liquid partition coefficients by separation methods | journal = Journal of Chromatography A | volume = 1037 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 3–14 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15214657 | doi = 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.01.001 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alain_Berthod/publication/8492902_Determination_of_liquid-liquid_partition_coefficients_by_separation_methods/links/02bfe50f034f39c483000000.pdf | department = (secondary) }}
* {{cite book | editor-first1 = Bernard | editor-last1 = Testa | editor-first2 = Han | editor-last2 = van de Waterbed | editor-first3 = Gerd | editor-last3 = Folkers | editor-first4 = Richard | editor-last4 = Guy | first1 = John | last1 = Comer | first2 = Kin | last2 = Tam | name-list-format = vanc | title = Pharmacokinetic Optimization in Drug Research: Biological, Physicochemical, and Computational Strategies | url = https://archive.org/details/pharmokineticopt00test | chapter = Lipophilicity Profiles: Theory and Measurement | date = 2001 | publisher = Wiley-VCH | location = Weinheim | isbn = 978-3-906390-22-2 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/pharmokineticopt00test/page/n275 275]–304 | doi = 10.1002/9783906390437.ch17 | department = (secondary) }}
* {{cite book |last = Hansch |first = Corwin |author2=Leo A| title = Substituent Constants for Correlation Analysis in Chemistry and Biology  |url = https://archive.org/details/substituentconst0000hans |publisher = John Wiley & Sons Ltd. |year = 1979 |location = New York  |pages = |isbn = 978-0-471-05062-9 | name-list-format = vanc | department = (secondary) }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hill AP, Young RJ | title = Getting physical in drug discovery: a contemporary perspective on solubility and hydrophobicity | journal = Drug Discovery Today | volume = 15 | issue = 15-16 | pages = 648–55 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20570751 | doi = 10.1016/j.drudis.2010.05.016 | department = (secondary) }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Kah M, Brown CD | title = LogD: lipophilicity for ionisable compounds | journal = Chemosphere | volume = 72 | issue = 10 | pages = 1401–8 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18565570 | doi = 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.04.074 | department = (secondary) }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Klopman G, Zhu H | title = Recent methodologies for the estimation of n-octanol/water partition coefficients and their use in the prediction of membrane transport properties of drugs | journal = Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 127–33 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15720283 | doi = 10.2174/1389557053402765 | department = (secondary) }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Leo A, Hansch C, and Elkins D | title = Partition coefficients and their uses | journal = Chem Rev | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 525–616 | year = 1971 | doi = 10.1021/cr60274a001 | department = (secondary) }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Leo | first1 = Albert | last2 = Hoekman | first2 = DH | last3 = Hansch | first3 = C | title = Exploring QSAR, Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants | publisher = American Chemical Society |year = 1995 | location = Washington, DC |isbn = 978-0-8412-3060-6 | name-list-format = vanc | department = (secondary) }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mannhold R, Poda GI, Ostermann C, Tetko IV | title = Calculation of molecular lipophilicity: State-of-the-art and comparison of log P methods on more than 96,000 compounds | journal = Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences | volume = 98 | issue = 3 | pages = 861–93 | date = Mar 2009 | pmid = 18683876 | doi = 10.1002/jps.21494 | department = (secondary) }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Martin | first1 = Yvonne Connolly | name-list-format = vanc | author-link1 = Yvonne Connolly Martin | title = Quantitative Drug Design: A critical introduction | chapter = Chapter 4: The Hydrophobic Properties of Molecules | chapter-url = http://www.amazon.com/Quantitative-Drug-Design-Critical-Introduction/dp/1420070991/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1458375751&sr=1-1 | pages = 66–73 | date=2010 | publisher=CRC Press/Taylor & Francis | location=Boca Raton | isbn = 978-1-4200-7099-6 | edition=2nd | department = (secondary)}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Pandit | first1 = Nita K. | name-list-format = vanc | title=Introduction to the Pharmaceutical Sciences | date = 2007 | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | location = Baltimore, MD | isbn = 978-0-7817-4478-2 | pages = 34–37 | edition = 1st | chapter = Chapter 3: Solubility and Lipophilicity | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E-Pj1q1PX9cC&pg=PA36&dq=Partition+coefficient&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Partition%20coefficient&f=false | department = (secondary) }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Pearlman | first1 = Robert S. | last2 = Dunn III | first2 = William J. | last3 = Block | first3 = John H. | name-list-format = vanc | title = Partition Coefficient: Determination and Estimation | url = https://archive.org/details/partitioncoeffic0000unse | date = 1986 | publisher = Pergamon Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-08-033649-7 | edition = 1st | department = (secondary) }}
* {{cite book | last = Sangster | first = James | title = Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients: Fundamentals and Physical Chemistry | volume = 2 | series = Wiley Series in Solution Chemistry |publisher=John Wiley & Sons Ltd. |year=1997 |location=Chichester |pages= |isbn=978-0-471-97397-3 | name-list-format = vanc | department = (secondary) }}
{{refend}}

== Pranala luar ==
* [http://www.vcclab.org/online.html vcclab.org]. Ikhtisar dari banyak logP dan kalkulator sifat fisik lainnya tersedia secara komersial dan daring.

{{Kesetimbangan kimia}}

[[Kategori:kimia kesetimbangan]]
[[Kategori:Pelarut]]