Lihat sumber Karen Uhlenbeck

{{short description|matematikawan Amerika Serikat}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name             = Karen Uhlenbeck
|image            = Uhlenbeck Karen 1982 (cropped).jpg
|caption          = Uhlenbeck tahun 1982
|birth_name       = Karen Keskulla
|birth_date       = {{birth date and age|1942|8|24}}
|birth_place      = [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], A.S.
|death_date       = 
|death_place      = 
|education        = [[Universitas Michigan|Universitas Michigan, Ann Arbor]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[Universitas New York]]<br>[[Universitas Brandeis]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
|known_for        = [[Kalkulus variasi]]<br>[[Analisis geometri]]<br>[[Permukaan minimal]]<br>[[Teori Yang–Mills]]
|spouse           = [[Olke C. Uhlenbeck]]
|awards           = [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Fellowship]]<br>[[Noether Lecture]]r (1988)<br>[[National Medal of Science]] (2000)<br>[[Leroy P. Steele Prize]] (2007)<br>[[Hadiah Abel]] (2019)
|fields           = [[Matematika]]
|workplaces       = [[Universitas Texas, Austin]]<br>[[Universitas Chicago]]<br>[[Universitas Illinois, Chicago]]<br>[[Universitas Illinois, Urbana–Champaign]]
|doctoral_advisor = [[Richard Palais]]
|influences       = [[Shing-Tung Yau]]
}}
'''Karen Keskulla Uhlenbeck''' (lahir 24 Agustus 1942) adalah [[matematikawan]] [[Amerika Serikat]]. Ia menjabat sebagai [[Profesor|guru besar]] [[emeritus]] matematika di [[Universitas Texas, Austin]] dan Ketua [[Sid W. Richardson Foundation]].<ref name="mactutor">{{MacTutor Biography|id=Uhlenbeck_Karen}}</ref><ref name="asc">{{Cite journal |url=http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/uhlenbk.htm |title=Karen Uhlenbeck |website=Biographies of Women Mathematicians |publisher=[[Agnes Scott College]]}}.</ref><ref name="umich">{{Cite journal |url=http://www.ur.umich.edu/9900/Dec06_99/12.htm |title=Michigan Great Karen K. Uhlenbeck: Pioneer in mathematical analysis—and for women mathematicians |journal=The University Record |first=Lee |last=Katterman |date=December 6, 1999 |publisher=University of Michigan |accessdate=December 19, 2014 |archive-date=2011-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611021150/http://ur.umich.edu/9900/Dec06_99/12.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Saat ini ia merupakan peneliti tamu di [[Institute for Advanced Study]] dan akademisi senior tamu di [[Universitas Princeton]].<ref name="CBS" />

Uhlenbeck dianugerahi [[Hadiah Abel]] tahun 2019 atas "pencapaiannya di bidang [[persamaan diferensial parsial]] geometri, [[teori ukuran (fisika)|teori ukuran]], dan [[sistem terintegrasikan]] serta pengaruhnya terhadap [[analisis matematika|analisis]], [[geometri]], dan [[fisika matematika]]."<ref name="citation">{{cite web |title=Citation by the Abel Prize Committee |url=http://www.abelprize.no/c73996/binfil/download.php?tid=74095 |publisher=The Abel Prize |accessdate=March 19, 2019 |archive-date=2019-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612182916/https://www.abelprize.no/c73996/binfil/download.php?tid=74095 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ia merupakan perempuan pertama yang dianugerahi penghargaan ini.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=Karen Uhlenbeck Is First Woman to Receive Abel Prize in Mathematics – Dr. Uhlenbeck helped pioneer geometric analysis, developing techniques now commonly used by many mathematicians. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/19/science/karen-uhlenbeck-abel-prize.html |date=March 19, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=March 19, 2019}}</ref>

== Kehidupan dan karier ==
Marga pertama Uhlenbeck, Keskulla, berasal dari ''Keskküla'' dari kakeknya yang berkebangsaan [[bangsa Estonia|Estonia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview with Karen Uhlenbeck    |author= Allyn Jackson    |year= 2018 |url=http://celebratio.org/Uhlenbeck_K/article/634/ |work=Celebratio Mathematica }}</ref> Uhlenbeck lulus dengan gelar [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] (1964) dari [[Universitas Michigan]].<ref name="mactutor" /><ref name="umich" /> Ia melanjutkan S2 di [[Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences]] di [[Universitas New York]], lalu menikahi biofisikawan [[Olke C. Uhlenbeck]] (putra fisikawan [[George Uhlenbeck]]) pada tahun 1965. Ketika suaminya kuliah di Harvard, ia ikut pindah dan kuliah lagi di [[Universitas Brandeis]]. Ia lulus dengan gelar [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] (1966) dan [[Ph.D.]] (1968) di bawah bimbingan [[Richard Palais]].<ref name="mactutor" /><ref name="umich" /> Disertasi doktoralnya berjudul ''The Calculus of Variations and Global Analysis''.<ref>{{MathGenealogy |id=4834}}</ref>

Setelah bekerja sementara di [[Institut Teknologi Massachusetts]] dan [[Universitas California, Berkeley]], dan dilarang bekerja permanen mendampingi suaminya akibat aturan "anti-nepotisme" (mencegah suami-istri bekerja di universitas yang sama), ia mengajar di [[Universitas Illinois, Urbana–Champaign]], pada tahun 1971.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cooke |first1=Roger |title=The History of Mathematics: A Brief Course |url=https://archive.org/details/historymathemati00cook |date=2005 |publisher=Wiley-Interscience |location=Hoboken, NJ |isbn=978-0-471-44459-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historymathemati00cook/page/n94 76] |edition=2.}}</ref> Ia tidak suka dengan suasana Urbana, kemudian pindah ke [[Universitas Illinois, Chicago]], tahun 1976. Ia pindah lagi ke [[Universitas Chicago]] tahun 1983, lalu [[Universitas Texas, Austin]], sebagai Ketua Sid W. Richardson Foundation tahun 1988.<ref name="mactutor" /><ref name="asc" /><ref name="umich" /> Uhlenbeck saat ini menjabat sebagai guru besar emeritus di Universitas Texas, Austin,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.ma.utexas.edu/people/emeritus_faculty/|title=Mathematics Emeritus Faculty|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|accessdate=March 19, 2019}}{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> peneliti tamu di [[Institute for Advanced Study]], dan akademisi senior tamu di [[Universitas Princeton]].<ref name="CBS">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/abel-prize-karen-uhlenbeck-a-woman-just-won-maths-nobel-prize-for-the-first-time-ever/|title=A woman just won the prize known as "math's Nobel" — for the first time ever|publisher=CBS News|last=Garrand|first=Danielle|date=March 19, 2019|accessdate=March 19, 2019}}</ref>

=== Penelitian ===
Uhlenbeck adalah salah satu perintis bidang [[analisis geometri]], disiplin yang menerapkan [[geometri diferensial]] untuk mencari solusi [[persamaan diferensial]] dan sebaliknya.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Quanta Magazine|Quanta]] |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/karen-uhlenbeck-uniter-of-geometry-and-analysis-wins-abel-prize-20190319/ |title=Karen Uhlenbeck, Uniter of Geometry and Analysis, Wins Abel Prize |first=Erica |last=Klarreich |authorlink=Erica Klarreich |date=March 19, 2019}}</ref> Ia turut mengembangkan [[teori bidang kuantum topologi]] dan [[sistem terintegrasikan]].<ref name="mactutor" /><ref name="noether">{{Cite journal |url=http://www.awm-math.org/noetherbrochure/Uhlenbeck88.html |title=Karen Uhlenbeck |website=Profiles of Women in Mathematics: The Emmy Noether Lectures |publisher=[[Association for Women in Mathematics]] |accessdate=December 19, 2014}}.</ref>

=== Aktivisme ===
Pada tahun 1991, Uhlenbeck bersama [[Herbert Clemens]] dan [[Dan Freed]] mendirikan Park City Mathematics Institute (PCMI) dengan tujuan "membuka kesempatan pengembangan pendidikan dan profesional untuk beberapa komunitas sejalan dari berbagai lingkup profesi matematika."<ref name="CBS" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ias.edu/pcmi/about|title=About PCMI: Mission, History, Summer Session|publisher=Institute for Advanced Study|accessdate=March 19, 2019}}</ref> Uhlenbeck juga mendirikan Women and Mathematics Program di Institute for Advanced Study "dengan tujuan merekrut dan mempekerjakan lebih banyak perempuan di bidang matematika."<ref name="CBS" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Women and Mathematics|url=https://www.math.ias.edu/wam|publisher=Institute for Advanced Study|accessdate=March 19, 2019}}</ref> Fisikawan teori dan pengarang asal Britania, [[Jim Al-Khalili]], menyebut Uhlenbeck sebagai "panutan" atas usahanya mendorong anak-anak muda, khususnya perempuan, untuk merintis karier di bidang matematika.<ref name="BBC_Abel" />

=== Penghargaan ===
Pada Maret 2019, Uhlenbeck menjadi perempuan pertama yang dianugerahi [[Hadiah Abel]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/us-mathematician-karen-uhlenbeck-becomes-first-woman-to-win-prestigious-abel-prize-2010155|title=US Mathematician Becomes First Woman To Win Prestigious Abel Prize|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref> Menurut panitia, penghargaan ini diberikan atas "pencapaiannya di bidang [[persamaan diferensial parsial]] geometri, [[teori ukuran (fisika)|teori ukuran]], dan [[sistem terintegrasikan]] serta pengaruhnya terhadap [[analisis matematika|analisis]], [[geometri]], dan [[fisika matematika]]."<ref name="citation" /> [[Hans Munthe-Kaas]], ketua panitia, mengatakan bahwa "teori-teorinya telah mengubah pemahaman kita tentang permukaan minimal seperti persoalan minimisasi lebih umum di dimensi-dimensi tinggi".<ref name="BBC_Abel">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-47613929 |title=Bubble maths researcher wins top award |author=Pallab Ghosh |publisher=BBC |date=March 19, 2019 |accessdate=March 19, 2019}}</ref> Uhlenbeck juga dianugerahi [[National Medal of Science]] tahun 2000<ref name="mactutor" /><ref name="asc" /><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=366 |title=The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details |accessdate=December 13, 2009 |publisher=[[National Science Foundation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.utexas.edu/news/2000/11/13/nr_science/ |title=UT Austin mathematics professor wins National Medal of Science |publisher=Univ. of Texas |date=November 13, 2000 |accessdate=December 19, 2014 |journal= |archive-date=2012-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105204337/http://www.utexas.edu/news/2000/11/13/nr_science/ |dead-url=yes }}.</ref> dan [[Leroy P. Steele Prize]] for Seminal Contribution to Research dari [[American Mathematical Society]] tahun 2007, "atas kontribusi besarnya terhadap aspek-aspek analitis dalam teori ukuran matematika",<ref name="mactutor" /><ref name="asc" /> berdasarkan makalahnya tahun 1982 yang berjudul "Removable singularities in Yang–Mills fields"{{ran|RSY}} dan "Connections with bounds on curvature".{{ran|CLP}}

Ia diangkat sebagai [[MacArthur Fellow]] tahun 1983<ref name="mactutor" /><ref name="asc" /> dan anggota [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] tahun 1985.<ref name="mactutor" /><ref name="asc" /> Ia dipilih sebagai anggota [[National Academy of Sciences]] tahun 1986.<ref name="mactutor" /><ref name="asc" /><ref name="umich" /> Ia menjadi [[Guggenheim Fellowship|Guggenheim Fellow]] tahun 2001,<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.utexas.edu/news/2001/04/23/nr_guggenheim/ |title=Three UT Austin professors win prestigious Guggenheim Fellowships |publisher=Univ. of Texas |date=April 23, 2001 |accessdate=December 19, 2014 |journal= |archive-date=2014-12-20 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141220044434/http://www.utexas.edu/news/2001/04/23/nr_guggenheim/ |dead-url=yes }}.</ref>
anggota kehormatan [[London Mathematical Society]] tahun 2008,<ref name="mactutor" /> dan anggota [[American Mathematical Society]] tahun 2012.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.ams.org/profession/fellows-list |title=List of Fellows |publisher=American Mathematical Society |accessdate=August 28, 2013}}.</ref>

Ia diangkat sebagai [[Noether Lecture]]r di [[Association for Women in Mathematics]] pada tahun 1988.<ref name="noether" /> Tahun 1990, ia menjadi pembicara utama di [[Kongres Matematika Internasional]] sekaligus perempuan kedua yang dipilih sebagai pembicara utama setelah [[Emmy Noether]].<ref name="mactutor" /><ref name="asc" />

Penghargaan lain yang diterima Uhlenbeck adalah alumni terbaik Universitas Michigan (1984),<ref name="umich" /> [[Sigma Xi]] Common Wealth Award for Science and Technology (1995),<ref name="umich" /> dan gelar doktor kehormatan dari [[Universitas Illinois, Urbana–Champaign]] (2000),<ref name="mactutor" /> [[Universitas Negeri Ohio]] (2001),<ref name="mactutor" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.osu.edu/universityawards/dsa/honorary.html |title=Honorary Degree – University Awards & Recognition – The Ohio State University |website=osu.edu|access-date=March 19, 2019}}</ref> [[Universitas Michigan]] (2004),<ref name="mactutor" /> [[Universitas Harvard]] (2007),<ref name="mactutor" /> dan [[Universitas Princeton]] (2012).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/news/2012/06/05/princeton-awards-six-honorary-degrees |title=Princeton awards six honorary degrees |website=Princeton University |language=en|access-date=March 8, 2019}}</ref>

== Karya pilihan ==
=== Buku ===
{{refbegin}}
{{rma|I4M|tw=3em|{{Cite book
 | last1 = Freed | first1 = Daniel S. | author1-link = Dan Freed
 | last2 = Uhlenbeck | first2 = Karen K.
 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4684-0258-2
 | isbn = 0-387-96036-8
 | publisher = Springer-Verlag, New York
 | series = Mathematical Sciences Research Institute Publications
 | title = Instantons and Four-Manifolds
 | volume = 1
 | year = 1984}} 2nd ed., 1991. Translated into Russian by Yu. P. Solovyev, Mir, 1988.<ref>Reviews of ''Instantons and Four-Manifolds'':
*{{Cite journal|last=Eells|first=J.|author-link=James Eells|date=July 1985|doi=10.1112/blms/17.4.410|issue=4|journal=[[Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society]]|pages=410–411|title=none|volume=17}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Hitchin|first=N. J.|author-link=Nigel Hitchin|journal=[[Mathematical Reviews]]|mr=0757358|title=none|year=1986}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Stern|first=Ronald J.|author-link=Ronald J. Stern|date=March 14, 1986|doi=10.1126/science.231.4743.1316|issue=4743|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|jstor=1696164|pages=1316–1317|title=Four-dimensional topology|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1986-03-14_231_4743/page/1316|volume=231}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Parker|first=Thomas|date=March 1987|doi=10.1137/1029032|issue=1|journal=[[SIAM Review]]|jstor=2030965|pages=160–162|title=none|volume=29}}</ref>}}
{{refend}}

=== Artikel penelitian ===
{{refbegin}}
{{rma|RNL|tw=3em|{{Cite journal
 | last = Uhlenbeck
 | first = Karen
 | issue = 3–4
 | journal = [[Acta Mathematica]]
 | mr = 0474389
 | pages = 219–240
 | title = Regularity for a class of non-linear elliptic systems
 | url = https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1d14/01b8dd001c29791760034586b7841c570b2a.pdf
 | volume = 138
 | doi = 10.1007/bf02392316
 | year = 1977
 }}}}
{{rma|EMI|tw=3em|{{Cite journal
 | last1 = Sacks
 | first1 = Jonathan
 | last2 = Uhlenbeck
 | first2 = Karen
 | doi = 10.2307/1971131
 | issue = 1
 | journal = [[Annals of Mathematics]]
 | mr = 604040
 | pages = 1–24
 | series = Second Series
 | title = The existence of minimal immersions of 2-spheres
 | url = http://www.math.jhu.edu/~js/Math748/sacks-uhlenbeck.pdf
 | volume = 113
 | year = 1981
 }}}}
{{rma|MIC|tw=3em|{{Cite journal
 | last1 = Sacks
 | first1 = J.
 | last2 = Uhlenbeck
 | first2 = K.
 | doi = 10.2307/1998902
 | issue = 2
 | journal = [[Transactions of the American Mathematical Society]]
 | mr = 654854
 | jstor = 1998902
 | pages = 639–652
 | title = Minimal immersions of closed Riemann surfaces
 | url = https://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1982-271-02/S0002-9947-1982-0654854-8/S0002-9947-1982-0654854-8.pdf
 | volume = 271
 | year = 1982
 | access-date = 2019-03-23
 | archive-date = 2017-08-27
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170827051321/https://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1982-271-02/S0002-9947-1982-0654854-8/S0002-9947-1982-0654854-8.pdf
 | dead-url = unfit
 }}}}
{{rma|RSY|tw=3em|{{Cite journal
 | last = Uhlenbeck
 | first = Karen K.
 | issue = 1
 | journal = [[Communications in Mathematical Physics]]
 | mr = 648355
 | pages = 11–29
 | title = Removable singularities in Yang–Mills fields
 | url = https://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.cmp/1103920742
 | volume = 83
 | year = 1982
 | doi = 10.1007/bf01947068
 }} Announced in the ''[[Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society]]'' '''1''' (3): 579–581, {{MR|0526970}}}}
{{rma|CLP|tw=3em|{{Cite journal
 | last = Uhlenbeck
 | first = Karen K.
 | issue = 1
 | journal = [[Communications in Mathematical Physics]]
 | mr = 648356
 | pages = 31–42
 | title = Connections with <math>L^p</math> bounds on curvature
 | url = https://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.cmp/1103920743
 | volume = 83
 | year = 1982
 | doi = 10.1007/bf01947069
 }}}}
{{rma|RHM|tw=3em|{{Cite journal
 | last1 = Schoen
 | first1 = Richard
 | author1-link = Richard Schoen
 | last2 = Uhlenbeck
 | first2 = Karen
 | issue = 2
 | journal = [[Journal of Differential Geometry]]
 | mr = 664498
 | doi = 10.4310/jdg/1214436923
 | pages = 307–335
 | title = A regularity theory for harmonic maps
 | url = https://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.jdg/1214436923
 | volume = 17
 | year = 1982
 }}}}
{{rma|CMS|tw=3em|{{Cite book
 | last = Uhlenbeck | first = Karen K.
 | editor-last = Bombieri | editor-first = Enrico | editor-link = Enrico Bombieri
 | contribution = Closed minimal surfaces in hyperbolic 3-manifolds
 | mr = 795233
 | jstor = j.ctt1b7x7tv.10
 | pages = 147–168
 | publisher = Princeton University Press
 | series = Annals of Mathematics Studies
 | title = Seminar on Minimal Submanifolds
 | volume = 103
 | year = 1983}}}}
{{rma|EHY|tw=3em|{{Cite journal
 | last1 = Uhlenbeck | first1 = Karen
 | last2 = Yau | first2 = Shing-Tung | author2-link = Shing-Tung Yau
 | doi = 10.1002/cpa.3160390714
 | journal = [[Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics]] (Suppl.: Frontiers of the mathematical sciences, New York, 1985)
 | mr = 861491
 | pages = S257–S293
 | title = On the existence of Hermitian-Yang-Mills connections in stable vector bundles
 | volume = 39
 | year = 1986}}}}
{{rma|HML|tw=3em|{{Cite journal
 | last = Uhlenbeck
 | first = Karen
 | issue = 1
 | journal = [[Journal of Differential Geometry]]
 | mr = 1001271
 | pages = 1–50
 | title = Harmonic maps into Lie groups: classical solutions of the chiral model
 | url = https://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.jdg/1214443286
 | volume = 30
 | year = 1989
 }}}}
{{rma|HMY|tw=3em|{{Cite journal
 | last = Uhlenbeck | first = Karen
 | issue = 
 | journal = [[Journal of Geometry and Physics]]
 | mr = 1165884
 | pages = 283–316
 | title = On the connection between harmonic maps and the self-dual Yang-Mills and the sine-Gordon equations
 | doi = 10.1016/0393-0440(92)90053-4
 | volume = 8
 | year = 1992}}}}
{{refend}}

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Bacaan lanjutan ==
* {{cite web|title= Complete Bibliography  |author=  |year= |url=http://celebratio.org/Uhlenbeck_K/article/517/ |work=Celebratio Mathematica }}
* {{cite web|title= Karen Uhlenbeck's contributions to gauge theoretic analysis  |author= Clifford Henry Taubes |year= 2018 |url=http://celebratio.org/Uhlenbeck_K/article/629/ |work=Celebratio Mathematica }}
* {{cite web|title=Interview with Karen Uhlenbeck    |author= Allyn Jackson    |year= 2018 |url=http://celebratio.org/Uhlenbeck_K/article/634/ |work=Celebratio Mathematica }}
* {{cite web|title=Coming to grips with success: a profile of Karen Uhlenbeck |author=Karen Uhlenbeck |year=1996 |url=http://celebratio.org/Uhlenbeck_K/article/515/ |work=Celebratio Mathematica }}
* {{cite web|title=Michigan Great Karen K. Uhlenbeck: Pioneer in mathematical analysis — and for women mathematicians    |author=Lee Katterman     |year= 1999 |url=http://celebratio.org/Uhlenbeck_K/article/513/ |work=Celebratio Mathematica }}
* {{cite web|title=A profile of Karen Uhlenbeck |author=Claudia Henrion |year=1997 |url=http://celebratio.org/Uhlenbeck_K/article/541/ |work=Celebratio Mathematica }}
* {{cite web|title=UT Austin mathematics professor wins National Medal of Science    |author=UT News, The University of Texas, Austin   |year= 2000 |url=http://celebratio.org/Uhlenbeck_K/article/514/ |work=Celebratio Mathematica }}

== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons cat|Karen Uhlenbeck}}
* {{official website|https://web.ma.utexas.edu/users/uhlen/}}

{{Pemenang National Medal of Science|math-stat-comp}}
{{Penghargaan Abel}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uhlenbeck, Karen}}
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