Lihat sumber Diafonem

{{IPA notice}}
'''Diafonem''' ({{lang-id|dia̯ˈfonɛːm}}; {{lang-en|Diaphoneme}} {{IPAc-en|d|aɪ|ə|ˈ|f|ə|ʊ|n|iː|m}}) merupakan sebuah satuan [[fonologi]]kal abstrak yang berfungsi sebagai korespondensi [[fonem|suara]] serupa antara dua atau lebih [[varietas bahasa|varietas]] dalam sebuah bahasa ataupun [[kesinambungan dialek|antar dialek]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Crystal|2011}}</ref> Sebagai contoh,<ref>Contoh diadaptasi dari {{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|pp=69–71}}.</ref> terdapat pengontrasan fonem [[vokal]] pada ''late'' "terlambat" ({{IPA|/eː/}}) dengan ''wait'' "menunggu" ataupun ''eight'' "delapan" ({{IPA|/ɛɪ/}}) pada beberapa varietas [[bahasa Inggris]].{{efn|Varietas Bahasa Inggris Utara tidak mengalami proses [[penggabungan pane–pain]].}} Sedangkan dalam beberapa varietas Inggris yang lain,{{efn|Varietas Bahasa Inggris utara yang tidak mengalami proses [[penggabungan wait–weight]].}} fonem vokal pada ''late'' ataupun ''wait'' ({{IPA|/eː/}}) kontras dengan fonem yang ada pada ''eight'' ({{IPA|/ɛɪ/}}). Pasangan fonem yang tidak bertindihan dari kedua varietas yang berbeda dapat disatukan dengan diposisikan kedalam tiga diafonem: diafonem pertama untuk kata ''late'' ({{IPA|⫽e⫽}}), diafonem kedua untuk kata ''wait'' ({{IPA|⫽ei⫽}}), dan diafonem ketiga untuk kata ''eight'' ({{IPA|⫽ex⫽}}).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"| Kata
!rowspan="2"| Terjemahan
!colspan="2"| Fonem
!rowspan="2"| Diafonem
|-
! Varietas A
! Varietas B
|-
| ''late''
|terlambat
|rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/eː/}}
| {{IPA|/eː/}}
| {{IPA|⫽e⫽}}
|-
| ''wait''
| menunggu
|rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/ɛɪ/}}
| {{IPA|⫽ei⫽}}
|-
| ''eight''
|terlambat
| {{IPA|/ɛɪ/}}
| {{IPA|⫽ex⫽}}
|}

Seperti layaknya [[fonologi]] yang mempelajari mengenai [[fonem]], '''diafonologi''' merupakan cabang [[linguistik]] yang mempelajari pelepasan diafonem pada dialek-dialek. Cabang ini berperan penting dalam suatu [[ortografi]] yang dipakai sebagai transkripsi tertulis untuk lebih dari satu dialek dalam suatu bahasa. Dalam cabang [[linguistik historis]], diafonologi berkaitan erat dengan keterkaitan pelepasan fonem pada [[bahasa kuno]] yang terbagi menjadi beberapa dialek: sebagai contoh, pelepasan fonem {{IPAslink|o|oː}} dari [[Bahasa Inggris Kuno]] pada dialek-dialek dan varietas modern.

Konsep mengenai diafonem mulai tercetus pada tahun 1930-an. Kata '''diafon''' ({{lang-en|diaphone}}) awalnya memiliki arti yang sama dengan '''diafonem''' ({{lang-en|diaphoneme}}), akan tetapi kedua istilah digunakan kemudian digunakan untuk hal yang berbeda: "diafon" digunakan sebagai istilah dalam sistem komunikasi [[analog]], sedangkan diafonem digunakan sebagai hubungan antara [[fonem]] dan [[alofon]].
==Penggunaan==
Istilah "''diafon''" pertama kali digunakan oleh fonetikawan seperti [[Daniel Jones (fonetikawan)|Daniel Jones]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Collins|Mees|1999|p=326}}, mengutip {{Harvcoltxt|Jones|1932}}</ref> dan [[Harold E. Palmer]].<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Chao|1934|p=364}}, mengutip {{Harvcoltxt|Palmer|1931}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Chao|1946|p=12}} menyatakan bahwa Jones menyebut bahwa Palmer menggunakannya dalam sumber tertulis lebih dahulu, akan tetapi {{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|p=69}} yang mengutip {{Harvcoltxt|Jones|1962}}, menyebutkan bahwa Jones yang pertama kali menggagasnya.</ref> Jones sendiri merupakan fonetikawan yang lebih tertarik dengan [[transkripsi fonetik|transkripsi]] terhadap variasi fonem yang terjadi pada dialek-dialek<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|p=69}}</ref>  daripada untuk mempelajari fenomena [[#Cognitive reality|kognitif]] pada fonem-fonem tersebut.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Twaddell|1935|p=29}}</ref> Jones awalnya menggunakan istilah "diafon" untuk menyebutkan suara serumpun yang dilepaskan secara berbeda (tergantung dialek), akan tetapi dianggap serupa bagi penutur bahasa itu sendiri.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Chao|1946|p=12}}</ref> Pelepasan fonem pada salah satu dialek ataupun penutur bahasa acap kali disebut sebagai "varietas diafonik". Akan tetapi, karena istilah tersebut dirasa rancu, Jones akhirnya menamai ulang istilah tersebut sebagai "diafonem".<ref>Istilah ini digunakan pada {{Harvcoltxt|Kurath|McDavid|1961}} (dikutip pada {{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|p=70}}), {{Harvcoltxt|Moulton|1961|p=502}}, dan {{Harvcoltxt|Jones|1950}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Shores|1984}} menggunakan ''diaphone'' (terjemahan: diafon) pada pengertian kelas suara, akan tetapi "diafonem" dinamai sebagai ''phoneme'' (terjemahan: [[fonem]])</ref><ref name="Trask 1996 111">{{Harvcoltxt|Trask|1996|p=111}}</ref>

Kotak diafonemik dilambangkan ataupun dijelaskan menggunakan [[diasistem]] (sebuah istilah yang dipopulerkan oleh [[Uriel Weinreich]]) yang dapat melapisi kontras dialekal, sehingga semua kontras dalam semua dialek dapat dilambangkan.<ref name="Stockwell 1959 262">{{Harvcoltxt|Stockwell|1959|p=262}}</ref> Sistem ini juga terdiri atas kotak fonem inti yang terpecah dalam dialek-dialek serumpun,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Stockwell|1959|p=262}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Hockett|1955|pp=18–22}}</ref> dan beberapa kontras saja, apabila dialek-dialek serumpun tidak memiliki kontras fonemik sama sekali (entah karena kontras yang ada atau pernah ada [[pergeseran fonologikal#Penggabungan|hilang]] ataupun tidak adanya [[pergeseran fonologikal#Pemecahan|pemecahan]] fonemik pada dialek-dialek terkait).<ref name="Stockwell 1959 262"/><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Geraghty|1983|p=20}}</ref><ref>Kutipan pada {{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|p=70}} merujuk pada perbedaan ini sebagai "''differences in phonetic realization''" (terjemahan: "perbedaan dalam pelepasan fonetik") dan "''differences between accents''" (terjemahan: "perbedaan antar aksen").</ref> Menurut beberapa pendekatan diafonemik, komunitas penutur secara linguistik merupakan sebuah homogenitas, sehingga varietas jamak dapat dilambangkan sebagai istilah ataupun pengertian tunggal.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Nagara|1972|pp=24, 47}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Weinreich|1953|pp=14, 29}}</ref> Hal ini menyebabkan seseorang dapat memahami percakapan seseorang dari varietas serumpun yang memiliki diafonik selaras.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Nagara|1972|p=47}}</ref>

==Pelambangan==
Terdapat sejumlah cara yang digunakan untuk melambangkan diafon dalam beberapa literatur. Dalam [[IPA (linguistik)|IPA]] sendiri, diafonem digunakan dengan garis miring seperti layaknya transkripsi fonemik, atau jenis tanda kurung lainnya:
* garis miring ganda: {{IPA|⫽bɪt⫽}}<ref>e.g. {{Harvcoltxt|Trudgill|1974}}</ref>
* tanda seru: {{IPA|!bɪt!}}<ref>e.g. {{Harvcoltxt|Sledd|1966}}</ref>{{efn|Tanda seru disini {{IPAslink|ǃ}} tidak digunakan untuk melambangkan konsonan [[decak rongga-gigi]]}}
* garis vertikal: {{IPA|{{!}}bɪt{{!}}}}<ref name="Trask 1996 111"/>{{efn|Tanda garis vertikal {{IPAslink|ǀ}} tidak digunakan untuk melambangkan konsonan [[decak gigi]]}}
* tanda kurung mengkerut: {{IPA|{b.ɪ.t}}}<ref>e.g. {{Harvcoltxt|Smith|1967|p=312}}</ref>{{efn|Tanda kurung ini melambangkan keterkaitan [[morfofonemik]] daripada untuk kegunaan pelambangan fonemik.}}
Konsep semacam ini tidak memerlukan pembentukan sistem transkripsi. Diafon malah dapat diwakili dengan garis miring ganda.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cadora|1970|pp=14, 18}}; demikian halnya pada garis bergelombang ganda (≈), ia dapat menunjukkan variasi diafonem dalam diasistem, seperti layaknya garis bergelombang (~) menunjukkan oposisi fonemik dalam varietas tunggal.</ref> Sebagai contoh, dalam {{Harvcoltxt|Orten|1991}} dan {{Harvcoltxt|Weinreich|1954}}, diafonem dilambangkan dengan salah satu jenis tanda kurung:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Orten|1991|p=50}}</ref>

:<math>\bigg/ \bigg/ \frac{RP, GA \qquad \mathrm{k}}{SSE, KA \qquad \mathrm{k}~vs. \mathrm{x}} \bigg/ \bigg/</math>

Dalam skema ini, [[Bahasa Inggris Skotlandia Baku]] dan aksen [[Kirkwall]] dikatakan memiliki kontras fonemik antara {{IPAslink|k}} dengan {{IPAslink|x}}, sementara [[Received Pronunciation|RP]] dan [[General American|GA]] dikatakan hanya generasi tua yang memiliki kontras tersebut (sehingga kata-kata seperti ''lock'' "kunci" dan ''[[loch]]'' dilafalkan serupa pada generasi tua, tetapi perbedaan tersebut memudar pada penutur generasi muda.)

==Lihat pula==
{{Portal|Bahasa|Linguistik}}
*[[Metode perbandingan]]
*[[Diasistem]]
*[[Ernst Pulgram]]
*[[Morfofonologi]]

==Catatan==
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{{refend}}
==Bacaan lanjutan==
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[[Kategori:Dialektologi]]
[[Kategori:Fonologi]]
[[Kategori:Terminologi linguistik]]