Lihat sumber Asam hipoklorit

{{chembox
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 455335463
| ImageFile = Hypochlorous-acid-2D-dimensions.svg
| ImageSize = 150px
| ImageName = Pengikatan asam hipoklorit
| ImageFile1 = Hypochlorous-acid-3D-vdW.svg
| ImageSize1 = 150px
| ImageName1 = Model ruang-terisi dari asam hipoklorit
| IUPACName = Asam hipoklorit, asam klorat(I), kloranol, hidroksidoklorin
| OtherNames = Hidrogen hipoklorit, Klorin hidroksida
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 24757
| SMILES = ClO
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 22757
| PubChem = 24341
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 712K4CDC10
| InChI = 1/ClHO/c1-2/h2H
| InChIKey = QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYAT
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/ClHO/c1-2/h2H
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| CASNo = 7790-92-3
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| EINECS = 232-232-5
| RTECS =
 }}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = HOCl
| MolarMass = 52.46 g/mol
| Appearance = Larutan berair tak berwarna
| Density = Beragam
| Solubility = Larut
| MeltingPt = 
| BoilingPt = 
| ConjugateBase = [[Hipoklorit]]
| pKa = 7.53<ref>{{Cite book |last = Harris|first = Daniel C.|year = 2009|title = Exploring Chemical Analysis |url = https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica00harr_726|edition=4 |page = [https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica00harr_726/page/n553 538] |language=en}}</ref>
 }}
|Section3={{Chembox Structure
| Dipole =
 }}
|Section7={{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards = korosif, agen pengoksidasi
| NFPA-H = 3
| NFPA-F = 0
| NFPA-R = 4
| NFPA-S = OX
| HPhrases =
| PPhrases =
 }}
|Section8={{Chembox Related
| OtherAnions =
| OtherCations =
| OtherCompounds = [[Klorin]]<br/>[[Kalsium hipoklorit]]<br/>[[Natrium hipoklorit]]
 }}
}}

'''Asam hipoklorit''' (HClO) adalah suatu [[asam]] lemah yang terbentuk ketika [[klorin]] dilarutkan dalam [[air]], dan ia terdisosiasi sebagian, membentuk [[hipoklorit]], ClO<sup>−</sup>. HClO dan ClO<sup>−</sup> merupakan [[Oksidator|agen pengoksidasi]], dan merupakan agen [[disinfektan|disinfeksi]] larutan klorin utama.<ref>Sansebastiano, G.  et al. Hlm. 262 dalam ''Food Safety: A Practical and Case Study Approach'' (Ed: R. J. Marshall) 2006, Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin.</ref> HClO tidak dapat diisolasi dari larutan-larutan ini karena kesetimbangan yang cepat dengan prekursornya. [[Natrium hipoklorit]] (NaClO) dan [[kalsium hipoklorit]]  (Ca(ClO)<sub>2</sub>) digunakan sebagai [[pemutih]], [[pengawabau]], dan disinfektan.

== Sejarah ==
Asam hipoklorit ditemukan pada tahun 1834 oleh kimiawan Prancis [[Antoine Jérôme Balard]] (1802–1876) dengan menambahkan pada suatu bejana, gas klorin, suatu suspensi [[raksa(II) oksida]] terlarut dalam air.<ref>Lihat:
*  {{cite journal |last1=Balard |first1=A. J. |title=Recherches sur la nature des combinaisons décolorantes du chlore |journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique |date=1834 |volume=57 |pages=225–304 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ien.35556014128060;view=1up;seq=230 |series=seri ke-2 |trans-title=Investigations into the nature of bleaching compounds of chlorine |language=fr}} Dari hlm. 246:  ''" … il est beaucoup plus commode … environ d'eau distillée."'' ( … it is much easier to pour, into  flasks full of chlorine, red mercury oxide [that has been] reduced to a fine powder by grinding and diluted in about twelve times its weight of distilled water.) 
*  {{cite book |last1=Graham |first1=Thomas |title=Elements of Chemistry |volume=vol. 4 |date=1840 |publisher=H. Baillière |location=London, England |page=367 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UF5QAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Ia juga menamai asam tersebut dan senyawanya.<ref>Balard (1834), hlm. 293. Dari hlm. 293:  ''"Quelle dénomination … appelées ''hypochlorites''."''  (What name should one assign to this compound?  It's obvious that that of "chlorous acid" can hardly be retained for it, and that it is more appropriate to call it ''hypochlorous'' acid, a name that recalls its similarity of composition with hyposulfurous acid, hypophosphorous acid, etc., [which are] formed, like it, from 1 equivalent of their radical and 1 equivalent of oxygen.  Its compounds will be called ''hypochlorites''.)</ref>

:<math> \mathrm{HgO} (aq) + 2 \mathrm{Cl_2} (g) + \mathrm{H_2O} (l) \rightarrow \mathrm{HgCl_2} (aq) + 2 \mathrm{HClO} (aq)</math>

== Sintesis, stabilitas dan reaksi ==
Penambahan [[klorin]] ke dalam [[air]] menghasilkan [[asam klorida]] (HCl) dan asam hipoklorit (HOCl):<ref name=ref2>{{cite journal|author = Fair, G. M., J. Corris, S. L. Chang, I. Weil, and R. P. Burden|year = 1948|title = The behavior of chlorine as a water disinfectant|journal = J. Am. Water Works Assoc.|volume = 40|pages = 1051–1061}}</ref>

:Cl<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O {{eqm}} HClO + HCl
:Cl<sub>2</sub> + 4&nbsp;OH<sup>−</sup> {{eqm}} 2&nbsp;ClO<sup>−</sup> + 2&nbsp;H<sub>2</sub>O + 2&nbsp;e<sup>−</sup>
:Cl<sub>2</sub> + 2&nbsp;e<sup>−</sup> {{eqm}} 2&nbsp;Cl<sup>−</sup>

Ketika asam ditambahkan dengan larutan garam asam hipoklorit (seperti [[natrium hipoklorit]] dalam larutan pemutih komersial), reaksi yang dihasilkan mengarah ke sebelah kiri (reaktan), dan gas klorin terbentuk. Karena itu, pembuatan pemutih hipoklorit yang stabil difasilitasi dengan melarutkan gas klorin ke dalam larutan air basa, seperti [[natrium hidroksida]].

:2&nbsp;NaOH + Cl<sub>2</sub> → NaCl + NaClO + H<sub>2</sub>O

Asam hipoklorit dapat pula disiapkan dengan melarutkan [[diklorin monoksida]] dalam air; di bawah kondisi standar berair, asam hipoklorit anhidrat saat ini sulit disiapkan karena kesetimbangan bolak-balik antara asam tersebut dengan anhidridanya:<ref name="b2">''Inorganic chemistry'', Egon Wiberg, Nils Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman, "Hypochlorous acid" hlm. 442, bagian 4.3.1</ref>

:2&nbsp;HOCl {{eqm}} Cl<sub>2</sub>O + H<sub>2</sub>O{{spaces|5}} ''K'' (pada 0&nbsp;°C) = {{val|3.55e-3|u=dm<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;mol<sup>−1</sup>}}

Kehadiran cahaya atau oksida [[logam transisi]] seperti [[tembaga]], [[nikel]], atau [[kobalt]] mempercepat penguraian eksotermis menjadi [[asam klorida]] dan [[oksigen]]:<ref name="b2"/>

:2&nbsp;Cl<sub>2</sub> + 2&nbsp;H<sub>2</sub>O → 4&nbsp;HCl + O<sub>2</sub>

== Penggunaan ==
Dalam [[sintesis organik]], HClO mengubah [[alkena]] menjadi [[klorohidrin]].<ref>Unangst, P. C. "Hypochlorous Acid" dalam ''Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis'' (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. {{doi|10.1002/047084289X.rh073}}</ref> Sebagai contoh, dalam [[reaksi pembentukan halohidrin]], reaksi antara asam hipoklorit dengan 2-metil-2-butena:

:[[Berkas:2-Methyl-2-butene hypochlorous-acid.png|300px]]

Dalam [[biologi]], asam hipoklorit dihasilkan dalam [[neutrofil]] teraktivasi melalui peroksidasi ion klorida yang dimediasi oleh mieloperoksidase, dan berperan dalam penghancuran [[bakteri]].<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Harrison, J. E. |author2=J. Schultz|year = 1976|title = Studies on the chlorinating activity of myeloperoxidase|journal = Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume = 251|issue = 5|pages = 1371–1374|pmid = 176150}}</ref><ref name=ref93>{{cite journal|author = Thomas, E. L.|year = 1979|title = Myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, chloride antimicrobial system: Nitrogen-chlorine derivatives of bacterial components in bactericidal action against ''Escherichia coli''|journal = Infect. Immun.|volume = 23|issue = 2|pages = 522–531|pmid = 217834|pmc = 414195}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Hypochlorous Acid as a Potential Wound Care Agent.jpg|jmpl|300px|Diagram skematik produksi asam hipoklorit di neutrofil.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Hypochlorous acid as a potential wound care agent: part I. Stabilized hypochlorous acid: a component of the inorganic armamentarium of innate immunity.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1853323/ |author=Wang L., Bassiri M., Najafi R., Najafi K., Yang J., Khosrovi B., Hwong W., Barati E., Belisle B., Celeri C., Robson M. C. |journal=J Burns Wounds. |year=2007 |volume=6 |issue=e5 |doi= |pmid=17492050 |pmc=1853323 |language=en}}</ref>]]

Dalam [[pengolahan air]], asam hipoklorit merupakan pembersih aktif dalam produk berbasis hipoklorit (misalnya digunakan di kolam renang).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gonick |first1=Larry |last2=Criddle |first2=Craig |title=The cartoon guide to chemistry |year=2005 |url=https://archive.org/details/cartoonguidetoch00gonirich |publisher=HarperResource |isbn=9780060936778 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cartoonguidetoch00gonirich/page/189 189] |edition=1 |accessdate=24 September 2018 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 9 Acid Basics |quote=Similarly, we add HOCl to swimming pools to kill bacteria.}}</ref>

Dalam layanan makanan dan distribusi air, peralatan khusus untuk menghasilkan larutan HClO yang lemah dari air dan garam terkadang digunakan untuk menghasilkan disinfektan yang aman (tidak stabil) dalam jumlah yang memadai untuk menangani permukaan preparasi makanan dan persediaan air.<ref>[http://www.h2oxide.com/downloads/pdf/Disinfection%20of%20Facility%20H2O.pdf "Disinfection of Facility H<sub>2</sub>O"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122201156/http://www.h2oxide.com/downloads/pdf/Disinfection%20of%20Facility%20H2O.pdf |date=2019-01-22 }}.</ref><ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/next/archives/2008/12/water_works_hyatts_new_disinfectantcleaner_comes_from_the_tap.html "Water Works: Hyatt's New Disinfectant/Cleaner Comes from the Tap"], ''Bloomberg Businessweek''.</ref>

Asam hipoklorit telah diinvestigasi terhadap kemungkinannya sebagai agen pembersih luka,<ref>Wang L et al. "Hypochlorous acid as a potential wound care agent. Part I Stabilized hypochlorous acid: a component of the inorganic armamentarium of innate immunity". ''J Burns and Wounds'' 2007; April: 65–79.</ref><ref>Robson MC et al. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6339980_Hypochlorous_Acid_as_a_Potential_Wound_Care_Agent_Part_II_Stabilized_Hypochlorous_AcidIts_Role_in_Decreasing_Tissue_Bacterial_Bioburden_and_Overcoming_the_Inhibition_of_Infection_on_Wound_Healing "Hypochlorous acid as a potential wound care agent. Part II Stabilized hypochlorous acid: its role in decreasing tissue bacterial bioburden and overcoming the inhibition of infection on wound healing"]. ''Journal of Burns and Wounds'' 2007; April: 80–90.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Selkon | first1 = JB | display-authors = etal   | year = 2006 | title = Evaluation of hypochlorous acid washes in the treatment of venous leg ulcers | url = | journal = J Wound Care | volume = 2006 | issue = 15| pages = 33–37 }}</ref> dan sejak tahun 2016 [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) Amerika Serikat telah menyetujui produk yang berbahan aktif asam hipoklorit untuk digunakan dalam mengobati luka dan berbagai infeksi pada manusia dan hewan. Senyawa ini juga telah disetujui oleh FDA sebagai pengawet bagi larutan garam.

Dalam sebuah studi terbaru, suatu larutan garam higienis yang diawetkan dengan asam hipoklorit murni menunjukkan pengurangan jumlah bakteri secara signifikan tanpa mengubah keragaman spesi bakteri di [[kelopak mata]]. Setelah 20 menit perlakuan, terdapat pengurangan jumlah bakteri Staphylococci sebesar >99%.<ref>{{Cite journal|pmc = 5402722|year = 2017|last1 = Stroman|first1 = D. W|title = Reduction in bacterial load using hypochlorous acid hygiene solution on ocular skin|journal = Clinical Ophthalmology|volume = 11|pages = 707–714|last2 = Mintun|first2 = K|last3 = Epstein|first3 = A. B|last4 = Brimer|first4 = C. M|last5 = Patel|first5 = C. R|last6 = Branch|first6 = J. D|last7 = Najafi-Tagol|first7 = K|pmid = 28458509|doi = 10.2147/OPTH.S132851}}</ref>

== Lihat pula ==
* [[Diklorin monoksida]]: [[oksida]] [[asam]] terkait
* [[Asam hipofluorit]]
* [[Asam perklorat]]

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala luar ==
* {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091029202733/http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/20.html National Pollutant Inventory – Chlorine]
* {{en}} [https://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSTRE4AC68720081113 Reuters – ''Mystery solved: How bleach kills germs'']
* {{en}} [http://www.rsc.org/eic/mole Royal Society of Chemistry-'The Mole' Magazine, terbitan MARET 2014]

{{Senyawa hidrogen}}

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